Brain eating amoeba Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Brain eating amoeba - Essay Example On rare occasions, individuals contract the brain-eating amoeba because of contaminated water in swimming pools or from taps. It has the ability to cause Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis, which is a devastating and rare brain infection. The brain-eating amoeba enters the body through the nose. The amoeba then gradually moves to the brain. While in the brain, the amoeba actively destroys tissues. However, drinking water that has Naegleria cannot lead to the infection of a person. Naegleria fowleri exists everywhere in the world, as long as the environmental conditions are suitable for its existence and survival. Aside from existing in fresh warm water bodies, brain-eating amoeba exists in geothermal water, warm water that manufacturing and processing plants discharge, soil, poorly maintained swimming pools and water heaters. Both non-chlorinated and poorly chlorinated swimming pools provide suitable breeding places for Naegleria fowleri (Cajigal, 9). In addition to that, the Naegleria fowleri exist in aquariums and mud puddles. The Naegleria fowleri thrives at higher temperatures rising to 46 degrees Celsius (115 degrees Fahrenheit). This amoeba can survive for a shorter while in temperatures beyond the above mentioned. The brain-eating amoeba is absent in salt water. In the United States, the amoeba mostly affects people living in Southwestern and southern states (Animal Planet, n.p). Naegleria fowleri enters the human body through the nose during activities such as water-skiing, diving or other water sports that increase the probability of water getting into the nose (Pond, 171). Other instances recorded to have caused infections include people dipping their heads in geothermal water, commonly known as hot springs, or people cleaning their nostrils using untreated water flowing from the taps. Once the Naegleria fowleri enters the body through the nostrils, chemicals used in communication by nerve cells pull

Strategy Myths Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategy Myths - Essay Example e the demand of a product depends on many variables and ability that determine its ability to satisfy the customer needs (Stonehouse & Houston, 2012). For instance, the product design, product benefits, product quality and distribution strategies will affect the ability to attain success in the market. The success depends on product value to customers and not the price (Graham, 2005). 3. The third statement states that ‘I am a good cook so I should start a restaurant’. This is a myth because venturing in to any market requires careful scanning of the environment to identify the demand for the services, the resources available and competitive strength of the businessperson. In this case, management of the restaurant will require planning, resource allocation, and controlling the employees (Graham, 2005). 4. ‘The customer is always right’. This statement is true because customers complain for numerous reasons (Graham, 2005). The organisation must appreciate the customer complaints and use such information in improving the quality of the product and services. Customers complain for genuine reasons such as defective products, poor product quality, poor after sale services of poor customer relationships management in the organisation (Graham, 2005). 5. ‘I’ll just open my store, and people will stream in off the sidewalks and buy from me’. This is a strategy myth since consumer-buying demand is determined by several factors such as cultural factors, personal factors and psychological factors. Accordingly, the place of distribution must create customer convenience and conform to customer personality and attitudes (Graham, 2005). 6. ‘It’s a cool idea. Everyone will love this’. This is a strategy myth since reference groups like immediate family members, relatives, and social status in the society influences the consumer-purchasing pattern. Consumers seek to fulfill their psychological needs, love and belonging needs and self-esteem (Stonehouse &

Comparing NorthWest Cost and Great Plains( about Archaeology) Essay

Comparing NorthWest Cost and Great Plains( about Archaeology) - Essay Example Crop production is likely to be aff4cted by the changes of climate and atmospheric conditions. Geoff (2005): Geoff (2005): notes that evaluated CO do increase photosynthesis of plants and ultimately its production. Temperature level and precipitation amounts have a potential of affecting crop production in a negative or positive manner. Negative effect will be due to unfavorable climatic changes. The final level of CO is dependent on the local climatic conditions, for instance, summer air temperatures and higher springs may be god for crop production in northern temperature where they will increase the growing season. On the other hand higher temperatures may being negative effect to crops especially on crop maturity (Geoff, 2005) The entire region of Great Plains is characterized with low annual rainfall, in many cases there is concentration of storms though in a short duration. The temperatures in region keep on fluctuating though the region has average winds which are equivalent to those found in other areas. As historian Prescott W in his book "the great plains" suggests, the northwest European people who settled in the region was faced which three major problems, these were environmental encounters, which were; The landscap 1. Soaring summer temperature in the region 2. Arid southwest and inner west 3. Great unending grasslands which were located across the country (Prescott,1933) The Great Plains environment The landscape and undergrowth of the grasslands is amongst the slightest varied to be located in anyplace in United States. Early on settlers who followed the Oregon Trail were able to get to the Pacific coast in a single spell of travel, this was partly because of easiness to cross the grasslands. The region is located wholly within the inner lowlands physiographic area. The core sedimentary beds fall smoothly. Height increases steadily, almost unnoticeably, from the east side to the west side. Along the eastern border, the height is only 500 meters, while the west parts of Colorado, Denver, has a height of over 1,500 meters. (Zeynep et al, 2004) Geographically, the biggest part of Great Plains is known as the High Plains which stretch down the western margin of the area from south Texas going northward to the southern Nebraska. The region is covered by substantial layer of sediments which are mostly very sandy and very porous, this part is typically flat. However down streams for example, Scottsbluff on the Platte River in western Nebraska erosion has resulted in considerable local relief. (Siegried et al, 2004) Settlement patterns Pre-European settlement of the Great Plains by Indian American was restricted. Hunting, especially for buffalo, at that time was the principal economic activity. Many tribes were living alongside streams in partially permanent homes. With no ways of speedy long-distance land movement the Indians could not live far from the dependable water provisions of the water streams for any prolonged period. This was a considerable problem, since the migration of the buffalo herds meant going leaving the Indian settlers without food (Siegried et al, 2004) The initial American observation of the area as discouraging and not easy place to settle

Defenations and examples Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Defenations and examples - Assignment Example They are sources of energy mainly derived from living components from a previous geological field .Fossil fuels include: petroleum, natural gas and coal (Curley, 2012). Overtime petroleum reserves have been over utilized. Consequently, there is an inevitable decline in oil reserves,which could result in serious economic problems. For example The united states of America faces a huge decline in the energy supplies in the next twenty years which will threaten the economic stability of the country. The energy sector is critical in all countries since it affects other sectors such as the agriculture and transport sector. In developing countries such as Nigeria and southern Sudan there has been constant conflicts in human rights violation due to the presence of oil reserves. Domestic Technology ensures that the human population live comfortably.It takes the form of home appliances which include computers, cars washing machines,power generators,and telephones.Consequently, people refer to technology as a tool that empowers people.For instance cars can be used to travel from one place to another. Telephones on the other hand can be used to facilitate communication, making the world a global village. However, it is important to note that some of these components can be used to commit crimes and facilitate unethical behaviors in the society. Distributive justice focuses on the fair allocation of services among the society members. Moreover, it advocates for the equal distribution of available resources to all people (Armstrong, 2012) . In developing countries, many people survive on less than a dollar a day. This clearly indicates the inequalities affecting many people around the world. Therefore, it is the mandate of the government to invest in infrastructural projects to ensure that the living standards of the people improve significantly. Lastly, there is a need for increased trading and a free

Employee Relations in IBM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employee Relations in IBM - Essay Example Employee can help an organization to create a competitive advantage in the market which may become difficult for other organization to replicate. Therefore one of the most important areas that the company has been investing on is in its employee. In the last 10 years, there have been a lot of changes that have taken place in the organization which has been influenced by external factors. There have been several factors that have been influencing the changes in the organization that have been beyond the control of the organization. These changes have been emanating from the changes in the operation environment. One of the changes that have had a great impact on the industry has been the changes in the external environment. The landscape of technology has been changing and the company has not been left behind. The company has come up with several innovation that are likely to position it in the market in line with other competitors as we entered the new millennium the company came up with a new generation of servers which are all aimed at meeting the changing technology. This was also due to the changes in the demand for the underlying infrastructure that has been supporting e-business which has become the business model of the day. (IBM, 2008f) In the future the change in technology is likely to influence the operation of the company. Since it is operating in a field led by technology, the company is likely to make several changes in its operation in the future in a move that will position it in the market. Change in technology is the most probable external factor that will impact the operation of the organization. The changing concept of corporate social responsibility also had an impact on the company as it become more responsive to the needs of its consumers. As a result the company came up with various CSR activities which were aimed at improving the relationship with its employees. It put in place programs that would help it to respect it employees.The political environment was also changing and the company has to change with it. In this regard there were several rules and laws that were coming in place that were not there before. As a result the company had to adjust its operation and its workforce relations. There have been polices that have been put in place in order to give employees more rights and therefore the company has been forced to rhyme with the changes. Political a and legal changes in the further are likely to impact on the operations of the company in the future as the world moves to more converged world. There have also been environmental factors that have forced the company to enforce several changes in its operation in this regard there has been increasing attention that has been paid on the environment and therefore the company has been adjusting its operation in order to come up with policies that are expected to give respect to the environment. The company has been implementing several eco programs that are aimed at going with the demands on the changes in the

Various Factors in the Preparation and cooking of Fruit and Vegetables Essay Example for Free

Various Factors in the Preparation and cooking of Fruit and Vegetables Essay Pilot Method 1. Use a syringe (or Measuring Cylinder for measuring equal amounts) and pour out 10ml of DCPIP (Solution used to detect Vit.C) into a small beaker. 2. Using a separate Syringe, draw up 10ml of solution 0.1% Vitamin C 3. Slowly add the Vit.C into the DCPIP solution beaker, swirling around a few times. (swirling helps solutions to mix) 4. Continue to add the Vit.C until DCPIP turns a permanent straw colour. 5. Note the amount of Vit.C it took to change the colour of the DCPIP. 6. Repeat steps 1-5 5 3 times and take an average. Pilot Results Strength of DCPIP X Volume = Volume of Vit.C x Strength )( x 10ml = 8.5ml x 0.1% )( = 6ml x 0.1% 10ml Strength of DCPIP = 0.06 Strength of DCPIP X Volume = Volume of Vit.C x Strength )( x 10ml = 6ml x 0.1% )( = 6ml x 0.1% 10ml Strength of DCPIP = 0.06 Strength of DCPIP X Volume = Volume of Vit.C x Strength )( x 10ml = 6ml x 0.1% )( = 6ml x 0.1% 10ml Strength of DCPIP = 0.06 Average Strength of DCPIP = 0.06 Method 1. Using a Syringe (or measuring cylinder) put 10ml of DCPIP into a small beaker. 2. Using a separate syringe, take up 10ml of Juice (Juices will change per experiment) 3. Slowly add the juice a little at a time until the DCPIP turns a permanent straw colour. 4. Make sure 1oml is used at all times as to keep it a fair test at all times. 5. Repeat experiment 5 times on each of the 4 different Juices chosen and take an average one completed. 6. Put all recordings and measurements in a chart, and using the Equation below finding the strength of the Vit. C in each Juice type (Strength of DCPIP taken from Pilot experiment) Strength of DCPIP X Volume = Volume of Vit. C x Strength Results Juice 1 = Ascorbic Acid. (Pure Vitamin C) Juice 2 = Orange Juice. (Smooth) Juice 3 = Pure Orange with Mango Pure. Juice 4 = Orange and Grapefruit. Juice Type J1 J2 J3 J4 Exp. No. 1 7.5 ml 14ml 14ml 12.5ml 2 8 ml 13 ml 14 ml 13 ml 3 8 ml 13 ml 14.4 ml 12.5 ml 4 8 ml 13 ml 14 ml 12.5 ml 5 8 ml 13.5 ml 14 ml 13 ml Average 8 ml 13.5 ml 14 ml 13 ml Ascorbic Acid (J1) Strength of DCPIP x volume = Strength of Vit. C x Volume 0.06 x 10ml = )( x 8ml )( = 0.06 X 10ml 8ml Strength of Vitamin C = 0.075 Orange Juice Smooth (J2) Strength of DCPIP X Volume = Strength of Vit. C x Volume 0.06 x 10ml = )( x 13ml )( = 0.06 x 10ml 13ml Strength of Vitamin C = 0.046 Pure Orange with Mango Pure (J3) Strength of DCPIP x Volume = Strength of Vit. C x Volume 0.06 x 10ml = )( x 14ml )( = 0.06 x 10ml 14ml Strength of Vitamin C = 0.042 Orange and Grapefruit (J4) Strength of DCPIP x Volume = Strength of Vit C x Volume 0.06 x 10ml = )( x 13ml )( = 0.06 x 10ml 13ml Strength of Vit C = 0.046 Results The graph shows that the Orange and Grapefruit Juice had the highest concentration of Vitamin C. Compared with the other Juices (excluding juice one as it is pure Vitamin C) it takes less of this Juice to turn the DCPIP straw coloured (an average of 13ml). In comparison to the others there was not much difference between them all. The Pure Orange Juice with Pure Mango took an average of 14ml to turn the DCPIP straw coloured. After doing some research on the Vitamin content on different fruits, it was seen that both mangos and grapefruits, Mangos and Oranges are excellent vitamin C sources. Fruit Latin name mg vitamin C / 100 grams mg vitamin C per average size fruit/slice* Ranking Grapefruit Citrus paradisi 34 44* excellent Mango Mangifera indica 28 57 Excelent Orange Citrus sinenis 53 70 Excellent * The values are for one whole fruit, however not many would eat a whole medium sized watermelon at a sitting, so for these larger fruit the value is for a slice, a slice being, very generally, about an eighth of a medium sized fruit, or a quarter of a smaller fruit. In the particular case of lemon and lime, the slice value is juice of one wedge. For a few small fruit, such as Kei apple, the ranking is adjusted upward where the fruit mg/100 gram analysis shows it has large amounts of vitamin C, but the small size of the fruit gives it a lower per fruit vitamin C content. You are likely to eat more than one at a serving. In the case of tiny fruit, like red or black currants, a lot more, but probably still only 20-30 raw fruit, especially if they are a bit acid.. The chart states that Mangos have a higher Vitamin C level than Grapefruits implying that the results should have been the other way around with the Orange and Mango Juice having more Vitamin C present. However it could be due to the preparation process that has taken an effect on the amount of Vitamin C present. Vitamin C is a particularly fragile vitamin and is easily destroyed when in contact with oxygen in the air or if it is exposed to light. The vitamin C content of sliced, cut or bruised fruit and vegetables diminish rapidly when such foods are left standing. Freshly squeezed orange juice will lose half of its vitamin C content by the next morning. Vitamin C is one of the least stable vitamins, and cooking can destroy much of this water-soluble vitamin from foods. Vitamin C is a weak acid and is stable in weak acids. Alkalis, such as baking soda, however, destroy ascorbic acid. It is also easily oxidized in air and sensitive to heat and light. Since it is contained in the watery part of fruits and vegetables, it is easily lost during cooking in water. Evaluation The experiment went very well in that that the investigation was carried out in a safe and efficient way. The investigation was planned to produce an out come showing the strength of Vitamin C concentrations in different Juice types. This was done and a conclusion was gathered showing what was being looked for. In hindsight it was seen that the calculation could have caused problems in the reliability of the results. All the calculation were done with one main equation. However if there was any point were the calculations were not dome properly it would mean that the given numbers would not have been correct. Also, the calculator did not round up decimals; therefore figures given would have been dependant on if the numbers were rounded up or not. Making sure that the same method was used at all stages could have rectified this. This would have ensured that all the figures were reliable. Another problem that could have caused results to be unreliable is the readings that were taken. The syringes that were used had markings that went up in 5s. Its possible that the reading were not done very accurate and not made at their actual point. If this problem were consistent all of the readings would have been inaccurate. By having the same person doing the readings and also having used a syringe that has more reading points would have made them more accurate in that the individual points would have been easier to read. Another possible problem that was seen was the fact that the aim was to look for colour changes. It would not have been able to come to a sure conclusion of what was straw colour and what was not. It would have not been able to come to a sure mark of straw coloured. There would not no real solution to this problem as it would be dependant on the person. The only solution that could minimise this problem would be to have the same person making the judgments, as their perception of Straw coloured would be the same. Apart from the above points the investigation was went well and was carried out smoothly. The team were able to conclude the investigation with the use of gained figures and reactions.

Improving Operational Effectiveness and Customer Service

Improving Operational Effectiveness and Customer Service Case Study: Improving operational effectiveness and customer service at Gant Logistics 1.0 Introduction Nowadays, the term of â€Å"logistics† has become a necessary word relate to the normal life. Many logistics business has developed rapidly. In this report, the Gant Logistic is the company which is buyout a business logistics business to make up of the current new business. There is no doubt as a new business establish as the difficulties will come out. The purpose of the report is to analyse what kind of problem that Gant Logistics faced up, what kind difficulties need to be overcome. The aim of this report is help the initial business become developed faster and improved the disadvantages. Furthermore, the report will analyse the scope of the business. Overview of logistics information systems and technologies. 2.1 Essential features Logistics management is very important for achieve an efficient and customer-oriented logistics service of a logistics company. It is a part of supply chain, it plans, implement and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, materials and any information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customer requirements. It contains materials management, cannel management, and distribution and supply-chain management. Logistics automation is another feature of an efficient and customer-oriented logistics service. It is the application of computer software, to improve the efficiency of logistics operations. The industrial machinery can easily identify products by transmitted through radio frequency and is usually used in RFID tags, sometimes by bar code. The supply chain management system enables the business to meet the demands of their customer more effectively and efficiently. It can helps companies to process orders much more quickly and effectively to ensure customer needs are addressed quickly. It is also provide company lowers cost, improved collaboration, give cycle times, response to conflict. The Customer Relationship Management is very important to maintain customer-oriented logistics service because is support the effective management of customer relationships and lifecycle, from initial lead right through to after sales activity. Microsoft Dynamics CRM is good to use in Gant Logistics Ltd. Because it turning Microsoft Outlook into a single center that can organize customers data, offering familiarity, functionality and flexibility in management of communications. It helps company increase efficient of customer service. Using Enterprise Resource Planning systems is another essential feature of an efficient and customer-oriented logistics service. It integration across all business process, make business more efficient, faster and less error, enhanced productivity, increase overall performance and quality reports and performance analysis, it also integrate with supplier and customer systems enhance full visibility and efficiency across the business supply chain. Allow customers to track their parcels, delivery fast, customer service and delivery couriers attitude are also the essential features of an efficient and customer-oriented logistic service. Modeling and management of decision making, tracking and tracing are include in the information system, which is very important as well. It gives essential data and consolation in each step of the interaction among logistics services and the target station. A well-developed transportation system is also the essential features of an efficient logistics ser vices. Without a good transportation system, logistics could not bring its advantages and will decrease the efficient and customers. It also will cost a lot to the company. 2.2 Main types of information systems As Gant Logistics Ltd is a new business, it is important and necessary to set up two key elements that help the business developed which are operational efficiency and customer orientation. Although the two elements has been organised, the business still need an efficient information system and technologies to organise. The term of information system is connect the relative information to support the business decision making and control in organisation (Management information systems 2015, Pxxi). The Gant Logistics business is focus on logistics and transport, so supply chain management systems will be one of the information systems that improve the business more effectiveness. Another system to support market function is decision support system and enterprise resource planning system. Supply chain management system is the active management which maximise customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage activities (Robert 2011). The main function for supply chain management is transformation, movement and storage of goods and materials. For Gant Logistics the operational efficiency is the key element to grow business, during the process movement of the product has to be organised well, appropriate timing, check goods quality and quantity, and organise quick delivery process is the components for operational efficiency. Unsuccessfully and inappropriate communication would drag the business to failure. Therefore, timely communication and technology-enabled visibility lead business to organise production correctly and modify the potential problem. Logistics business 3.0 Recommendations 3.1 Information systems and technologies 3.1.1 Inventory management system Inventory management system is to scan inventory items, for example, feature licenses and hardware components. Hardware components are installed in the routing platform, both of part and serial number. Feature licenses enable software features to run on a routing platform. It is advisable for Gant to introduce inventory management software into its inventory management system. It will maintain a timely track of orders, inventory levels, shipments and other items. As for certain products, which might be sold together at most time, or are more popular in the market, it can be grouped by inventory management software and be placed together (Barbosa Musetti, 2010). Considering potential market and delivery destination, inventory management software placed all the products near the delivery area, in order to speed up daily operation of warehouse, which is beneficial for manufactures, distributors, wholesalers and retailers. Inventory management system will contribute to the optimization of warehouse and distribution centers. Since Gant has a number of distribution centers in 11 locations and deliver various products such as fast-moving consumer goods and domestic appliance. It is difficult to find out the exact goods listed on the inventory order. Introduction of inventory management software will increase the efficiency of keeping and picking up of products. Inventory management software enables Gant to manage and automate track the receipts, adjustments, transfers and stock counts in the warehouse. 3.1.2 Third-party logistics Third-party logistics refers to the supply chain including both its own suppliers and outsourced suppliers, to fulfill its overall objectives. It requires for an integrated operation both in warehousing and transportation services, which can be scaled and customized in accordance with the changeable market conditions, such as additional demands for goods and materials. Once there is an integration of procurement or production of goods, the company shall call the third-party logistic providers for help (Helo Szekely, 2005). It is a particular operation in the overall supply management, including raw material provision, warehousing and transportation. Fuel cost is a major cost element for Gant’s business, with an annual fuel bill in excess of $60 million. It operates distribution centers in 11 locations across Australia and utilizes a fleet of 182 trucks. It is essential for Gant to reduce its fuel cost and increase its operational efficiency. Third-party logistics allows Gant to transfer its pressure to third party and enjoy a cost saving. There are 3 main types of third-party logistics providers, which are asset based, management based and integrated providers (Cheng Phillips, 2011). It is advisable for Gant to choose the third one, in order to maintain flexible operation, reduce capital commitment, save both cost and time. 3.1.3 Customer-oriented model Unlike former strategic goals in logistic system, which emphasizes greatly on profitability and market share, customer-oriented model highly value customer service in the entire supply chain. The Quick Response is the key to success of the customer-oriented model. Gant shall recognize customers’ changeable demand and react to it as soon as possible. Quick Response requires for a closer cooperation among all the participants in the supply chain, including manufacturers, deliverers, wholesalers, retail sellers, etc, so that the cost of customer service are able to be reduced to the minimum. Gant shall gain the key information on customer’s demand in time and make the most of it in the supply chain. Modern logistic technologies shall be introduced to the logistic system, such as EDI (Hazen Byrd, 2012). Customer-oriented model are carried out through out the overall logistic processes. It requires for redesigning in manufacturing operations, good partner relations in negot iation, shorter periods in delivery, timely information sharing in communication, fast transport and TQM obligations. It is of great significance for Gant to set up customer-oriented model, for the reason that it helps the company to boost sales volume and cut costs, which is good for all the participants in the supply chain. 3.1.4 Drivers monitoring system All the trucks in Gant shall be equipped with console-mounted cameras. Cameras are able to track the drivers’ eyes behavior, when they are driving. When drivers are found to nod-off, they will be alarmed through Bluetooth earpiece. With a customized sound or gentle vibration, drivers will be waked by this driver fatigue alarm. In addition to that, sensors shall be embedded in the truck seat, which are able to measure electrocardiography of drivers, known as ECG (Gruenwald, 2013). Sensors are able to measure drivers’ heart rate variability, so that assess the stability of drivers heart rate, from beat to beat. When drivers are tired or sleepy, their heart rate will slow down greatly, which will be detected by the sensor. This information will also start up driver fatigue alarms in the truck. It is necessary for Gant to introduce cameras and sensors in their logistic system, for the reason that it is to resolve serious issue of driver fatigue. These technologies will enab le Gant to carry out real-time monitoring on driver’s healthy and efficiency, as well as to eliminate the negative impact brought by driver fatigue as much as possible. 3.2 Schedule for implementation Time Strategy Operations 1st year Inventory management system Inventory management software Drivers monitoring system Sensors, cameras, alarms 2nd year Customer-oriented model Quick response in all the processes 3rd year Third party logistics Integrated providers 4.0 Conclusion Gant is a new company formed from the management buyout of a transport and logistics business. There are a couple of issues in its current operation, such as high fuel cost and low operation efficiency. Strategies shall be set up to deal with these issues, such as set up inventory management system and drivers monitoring system, introduce customer-oriented model and select third-party logistics providers. There is no doubt that a series of difficulties will be met during Gant’s development in logistics system. It is necessary for Gant to keep a timely record and share information with its partners, in order to quick response to the changeable market condition. 5.0 References Barbosa, D. Musetti, M. (2010), â€Å"Logistics information systems adoption: An empirical investigation in Brazil†, Industrial Management Data Systems, vol. 110, no. 6, pp 787-804. Cheng, L. Phillips, J. (2011), â€Å"Geographic information system applications in supply chains†, International Journal of Business Research, vol. 11, no. 5, pp 131-136. Gruenwald, H. (2013), â€Å"Logistics software from a logistic management and management information systems (MIS) perspective†, Information Management and Business Review, vol. 5, no. 12, pp 591-597. Hazen, B. Byrd, T. (2012), â€Å"Toward creating competitive advantage with logistics information technology†, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol. 42, no. 1, pp 8-35. Helo, P. Szekely, B. (2005), â€Å"Logistics information systems: An analysis of software solutions for supply chain coordination†, Industrial Management Data Systems, vol. 105, no. 1, pp 5-18. Management Information Systems, 2015, introduction to information systems, 1st end, Heather Gray,Issa, Grame, Indrit, Kelly,Brad and Hugh, viewed 28 May 2015, Vitalsouce bookshelf ebook database. Robert , H 2011, â€Å"What is supply chain management?† The Supply Chain Resource Cooperative, viewed 28 May 2015, http://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/what-is-supply-chain-management>. http://www.scs.org/pubs/jdms/vol2num2/Kustra-Ganapathy-pp71-86.pdf