An Introduction to Active Immunity and Passive Immunity

How Are Diseases Inherited Genetic Mutations Explained

Many diseases and disorders occur as a result of alterations or mutations in a particular gene, and some of these mutations can be passed on to future generations. Sometimes this inheritance is straightforward, while other times additional genetic changes or environmental factors also need to be present for a particular disease to develop. Gregor Mendel studied pleiotrophy, the expression of multiple traits by a single gene, which can cause certain genetic diseases. Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Some diseases or traits require two mutated copies of a specific gene in order to develop — one from each parent. In other words, both parents must have the particular gene and pass it on in order for their child to possibly be affected. If the child receives only one copy of a recessive mutated gene, then they are called a  carrier; they will not develop the disease but can pass it on to their children. When both parents are unaffected carriers (meaning that each has only one copy of a particular recessive faulty gene), then there is a 25% chance that their child will inherit the faulty gene copy from both parents and be affected by or predisposed to develop the condition or disease, and a 50% chance the child will inherit only one copy of the mutated gene (become a carrier). Examples of diseases inherited in autosomal recessive fashion include cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis, and Tay-Sachs disease. It is possible in some cases to test an individual to determine whether they are a carrier of a specific faulty gene. Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Sometimes, only one parent has to pass on a mutated gene in order for their child to inherit a risk for a specific disease. This does not always mean that the disease will develop, but the increased risk for that disease is there. Example of diseases that can be inherited through autosomal dominance includes Huntingtons disease, achondroplasia (a form of dwarfism) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a disorder characterized by colon polyps and a predisposition to colon cancer. X-Linked Inheritance Many diseases and disorders that are associated with the X (female) chromosome are more likely to be inherited by men than women. This is because females inherit two X chromosomes (one from each of their parents), while males inherit one X chromosome (from their mother) and one Y chromosome (from their father). A man who inherits one copy of a recessive mutated gene on his X chromosome will develop that trait because he has no additional copies of that gene; while a woman would have to inherit the recessive mutation from both parents in order to develop the disease or trait. This type of disorder ultimately affects almost twice as many females as males (although many solely as carriers), however, because an affected father can never pass an X-linked trait to his sons, but does pass it to all of his daughters, while an affected mother passes an X-linked trait to half of her daughters and half of her sons. Diseases caused by mutations on the X chromosome, called X-linked diseases, including hemophilia (a blood clotting disorder) and color blindness. Mitochondrial Inheritance The mitochondria in our cells have their own DNA, which is separate from the rest of the cells DNA. Sometimes diseases occur when numerous copies of mitochondrial DNA within a cell are impaired or do not work properly. Almost all mitochondrial DNA is carried in the egg, so disease genes carried on mitochondrial DNA can be passed only from mother to child. Thus, this pattern of inheritance is often called maternal inheritance. An inherited mutation doesnt always mean the disease or disorder will develop. In some cases, a faulty gene will not be expressed unless other environmental factors or changes in other genes are also present. In these cases, the individual has inherited an increased risk for the disease or disorder, but may not ever develop the disease. The inherited form of breast cancer is one such example. Inheritance of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene does drastically increase a womans chance of developing breast cancer (from about 12% to about 55–65% for BRCA1 and to about 45% for BRCA2), but some women who inherit a harmful  BRCA1  or  BRCA2  mutation will still never develop breast or ovarian cancer. It is also possible to develop a disease or disorder due to a genetic mutation that is not inherited. In this case, the genetic mutation is somatic, meaning that the genes changed during your lifetime.

Key Events Of The Civil Rights Movement Essay - 2191 Words

The United States Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s was the centerfold of the 1900s. The Movement came about because not all Americans were being treated fairly. In general white Americans were treated better than any other American people, especially black people. There were many events of the Civil Rights Movement some dealt with black people not getting a fair education. Some events came about because people were advocating that people should be able to practice their American rights. The term paper that you are about to read is composed of events that occurred as apart of the Civil Rights Movements. The events are all in chronological order with the brutal murder of Emmett Till first in order. After that is the story of†¦show more content†¦The men ordered Emmett to strip, then they beat him and gouged his eye out. After that, they shot him in the head and then threw his body into the river. When his body was discovered, he was so badly mangled that his grandfather was only able to recognize Emmett by the ring that he wore, which bore his fathers initials. The authorities of Mississippi wanted Emmetts body buried quickly in Mississippi, so that the news would just stay in Mississippi. Emmetts mother (Mamie Bradley) did not want her sons body buried in the land that let his killers go free. Emmetts body was shipped to Chicago, where his funeral was held. Emmetts funeral was attended by thousands, at which his mother left the casket open. A picture of Emmetts distended corpse was published in Jet magazine. Mamie Bradley decided to have the funeral delayed because she wanted the world to see what those animals that call themselves men had done to her son. In less than two weeks after the body of Emmett was buried his murderers were put on trial in a segregated court room. The two were acquitted of murder, because the jury claimed the state failed to identify the body. Blacks in other states saw Mississippi as the ultimate symbol of white supremacy for the ignoring the murder of black children. The publics reaction was further fueled when Milam and Bryant were not indicted on charges of kidnapping. TillsShow MoreRelated Key Events in the Civil Rights Movement Essay3697 Words   |  15 Pages The Civil Rights Movement started with The Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Boycott officially started on December 1, 1955. Rosa Parks was an Educated women and she attended the laboratory school at Alabama State College. Even with that kind of education she decided to become a seamstress because of the fact that she could not find a job to suit her skills. Rosa Parks was arrested December 1955. Rosa Parks Entered a bus with three other blacks and sat on the fifth row. The fifth row was the firstRead MoreThe African-American Civil Rights Movement1295 Words   |  5 Pages The African-American Civil Rights Movement is arguably the largest and most successful push towards toward change in American history. The movement was influenced by some of the biggest figures in American history as well, led by Martin Luther King Jr. and influenced by others such as president Kennedy and Johnson. Amongst the numerous protests and powerful speeches during the Civil Rights Movement perhaps the most prominent is the series of three marches in 1965 known today as the â€Å"Selma to Montgomery†Read MoreWorld War II and Social Equality1441 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II and Social Equality World War II was a very important event in American history, but as bad as war is or seems to be there always seems to have better outcomes in the end. By the Japanese bombing Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and bringing America into the war it opened the eyes of all Americans to the problems not only domestically but internationally and the biggest problem that was discovered after the completion of World War II was the level of social equality around the worldRead More Researching the History of the Civil Rights Movement Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesWhile there are many histories of the Civil Rights Movement (including books and online sources) that I might have consulted, I deliberately restricted my search to three sources?Facts on File, The New York Times Index, and The Reader?s Guide to Periodical Literature?in order to assess how magazine and newspaper coverage of the time reported events that we now understand as historically significant. One of the first things I disc overed was that ?Civil Rights Movement? wasn?t a heading in the Times Index:Read MoreThree Representations of Effective Peaceful Protests in Securing Civil Rights in the USA1378 Words   |  6 Pagessecuring civil rights in the USA Representation 2 is the best representation in showing how effective peaceful protest was because it has the best accuracy since it’s a history book, for example â€Å"In 1961, 26 year old African-American teacher† this is an accurate report, moreover the source has good comprehensiveness and covers most of the events of the civil rights in the USA. However, Representation 1,2 and 3E all represent how effective peaceful protest was in securing civil rights in the USARead MoreMarch on Washington and Selma Compare and Contrasts1110 Words   |  5 Pages20th Century had many important events during those 100 years. Great progress was made during that time for the Civil Rights of all Americans. The two marches demonstrations involving large groups of people: a March on Washington D.C. and a March from Selma to Montgomery Alabama to gain color equality in the south. There are differences and similarities to consider. In many ways, the March on Washington was one of the mo st important parts of the civil rights movement. The focus of this march was toRead MoreDr. King s Speech913 Words   |  4 Pagesdelivered a speech on civil rights in the midst of segregated America. Dr. King begins by recounting the historical events surrounding the enslavement of African Americans, which effectively paves the way for his discussion on current events. He states that the African American is still ‘not free’ because of the unequal rights/status given to them. Dr. King instructs the followers of the movement to proceed peacefully. He also contends with those oppose to the movement by letting them know thatRead MoreEssay Music Influence on the Civil Rights Movement1037 Words   |  5 PagesWorrall Mrs. Stepp 3rd Period 12/11/13 Question: How did music influence/effect the Civil Rights Movement? i. During the Civil Rights era, African Americans changed the way people looked at music by ending the segregation in the music world and by making a well-known â€Å"soundtrack† and influence during the Civil Rights Movement. ii. Topic Sentence: While music was an impact on the Civil Rights Movement, Motown Records is what gave Blacks the confidence to succeed in the only voice they hadRead MoreThe Segregation Of African American Community1720 Words   |  7 Pageswith extreme right-wing terrorist groups such as the white supremacist Klu Klux Klan, many among the African American community chose to live in a society of oppression that to actively campaign for equal rights for all humans regardless of the colour of their skin. It wasn’t until the 1950’s and 60’s that the people attempted to challenge the established order by engaging in influential protest movements with the help of key activist groups and their leaders. In particular, one key example of aRead MoreThe Era Of Freedom : A Generation After The Emancipation Proclamation1599 Words   |  7 Pagesevery African Americans across the U.S. The Civil Rights Movement, a movement to sees the cruelty that every African American f aced on a daily bases, was one of the greatest events that took a step into a direction that no one would ve imagined during the 1950s. Many activist made themselves known during the movement, activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, just to name a few, were key players in the advancement of the movement, but who was responsible for the being the

Junk Food Should Be Mandatory For School Schools - 1354 Words

Health is like money, we never have a true idea of its value until we lose it (Josh Billings, 1865). A healthy lifestyle is dependent on the choices of an individual s diet. Junk food will fulfill the desire of one for a short period of time. However, a healthy and maintained body will fulfill the need throughout one s entire life. Therefore, is maintaining an unhealthy diet full of sugar and life-threatening junk the perceptive decision? As perceived, healthy food habits are not something that should be averted, thinking it is petty. In fact, it is a serious matter that destroys many lives and thoughtful actions must be conveyed immediately. Hence, it must be mandatory for YRDSB schools to ban junk food as it will reduce the high chances of obesity, cause students to stay concentrated during class and require students to stay active. Many people in today s generation are constantly are craving junk food. It is patently evident junk food plays a major role in the cause of obesity. According to a study called Psychological science, Obesity leads to numerous health issues including heart disease, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes. The treatment of these health issues cost billions of tax health dollars (Physiological science, 2014). Permitting junk food in schools will cause greater chances of obesity. Students will be heading on a venture. Furthermore, obesity is a continuous major problem since the past several years. In 2010, a 4 year old girl namedShow MoreRelatedChanges Of The American School System1210 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican school systems. In fact, once American schools are reformed it would make it easier for those who want to learn receive an education. In the essay, â€Å"Lets’ Really Reform Our Schools† by Anita Garland, Garland explains why schools need to be reformed. Garl and claims that American schools are in trouble and that they are a disaster. Garland also mentions that one needs to restructure his thinking about the whole purpose of going to school. To start off, attendance shouldn’t be mandatory and oneRead MoreBenefits Of Healthy School Lunches And The Growing Dietary899 Words   |  4 PagesSchools take control of students every move from the amount of homework they get to the exact time they get out, which is a right they do have. In this eye opening TED talk, Chef Ann Cooper discusses the importance of healthy school lunches and the growing dietary problems of our nation’s youth. School needs to realize that the decisions that they make can impact students in a positive or negative way. Many schools believe if they try to serve healthy foods to students they will not eatRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of The Video On Advocacy Campaign Videos945 Words   |  4 Pagesand message conclusively (Group 10). On the other hand, the other group campaign that motivates me is â€Å"Axe the junk† that is helpful for people to learn that how the number of people suffering from different diseases in terms of diabetes, heart attack and obesity by taking junk foods. They defined junk food activities completely that help to influence others to take no more junk food to get rid of the illnesses. The role of the group members was competent and they capture images of the places thatRead MoreWhat Are Millennials Are In Danger?1735 Words   |  7 PagesMillennials Are In Danger Technology is largely responsible for the cause of the obesity epidemic amongst young adolescents, whereas food runs at a close second in being responsible for the continuous problem. In the 70s, technology did not exist and all children had were each other for their entertainment, physical activities, and peer interactions. The food back then wasn’t highly processed or contained with lots of sugar, individuals would portion out their meals with correct amount of meat andRead MoreOverview of the Healthy Food for Healthy School Act Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pageswide variety of food was placed in front of them to choose from ranging from pizza to burgers to bags of chips and chocolate bars. Their choices were endless up until a new reform took over and enlisted new changes. The Healthy Food for Healthy School Act was placed on September 1st, 2008. Its policy entailed schools to practice healthy eating where they would be â€Å"dropping trans fat from food and beverages sold in schools and establishing mandatory nutrition standards for food and beverages soldRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The Height Of Its Peak936 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity in America is at the height of its peak. Actions should be taken to ensure that kids maintain a healthy weight to prevent them from developing health problems in the future. If a solution is not set into place, then this problem will only get worse and worse each and every year. The first solution I will suggest is that we bring back physical education within schools. The second solution I propose is that we regulate fast-food commercials on any form of media that children are able to seeRead MoreHealthier Foods Is Not A Good Solution976 Words   |  4 PagesHealthier foods in school Are you tired of going to the school’s cafeteria after four class periods of intense working, but the only thing you see is fried, disgusting food? Health requirements have recently become a major problem in almost every Elementary, Middle and High school. Students are only consuming fried or unhealthy meals that negatively affect the student’s general life. The government should pass a law regulating the food served in schools because it increases obesity possibilitiesRead MoreThe Importance Of Physical Education1361 Words   |  6 PagesToo often, students overlook the fact that poor diets are a part of college life and regular exercise is needed to burn the many calories consumed from junk food. The government needs to have an active role in promoting good health among students since many are not disciplined enough to do it themselves. Physical education should be made a mandatory course in every college to help reduce society’s cost of medication for treatm ent of diseases associated with poor health. Obesity, heart diseases, andRead MoreObesity : A Concern For Many Years913 Words   |  4 Pagesway to address the problem of obesity is to Make healthy food options more affordable, provide free/reduced gym memberships as incentives, Make PE and recess a requirement for all schools, provide better environmental influences, and provide individuals with resources to help improve sleep quality. Many Americans have good intentions of choosing healthy food. Unfortunately, many can’t afford the high costs of these healthy alternatives food choices. Eating a healthy diet costs approximately $1.50Read MoreWhy Should We Take Gym Class?1275 Words   |  6 Pageschoose whether or not they want to take the class vs. forcing them to, pertaining to physical education. Conformity is the wise choice-- schools should make gym a mandatory class every year. Because physical education improves a student’s health, encourages teamwork, and boosts academic performance, the sacrifice of individualism is well worth it in the end. Schools must make students conform when it comes to the popular debate on physical education primarily for health reasons. To begin, obesity is

History of Space Exploration Free Essays

For ages, man has always longed to venture into the worlds beyond the sky. This idea as abstract as it was then, was hatched when Galileo Galilei observed the moon with the help of a crude telescope. From the advancement in technology propelled by the industrial age, arose the possibility of the reality of the dream. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Space Exploration or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of such dreams was brought to light by the attempts of Soviet space explorations. The secrecy with which the attempt was made added to the shock to the world when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1. This had not been anticipated. The USSR and the United States were in a cold war in the 20th century, thus explains why the US government felt challenged by the launch on the October 4, 1957. The launch set the pace for the US government, to set the first human on the moon and back on earth. The Soviet Union amongst many failures, had finally managed to send a space ship on the moon. Kennedy wanted to send United States citizens to and fro safely. Soviet Union had taken the leadership in space exploration which they deemed untrue (Swanson et al., 10). Motivated by the need to be the lead country in the world, the project was set under strict surveillance choreographed by the Kennedy government. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was given the responsibility to make the dream come true. All arrangements and necessary planning was undertaken. NASA rolled out a well-designed plan, bringing on board all the experts in the field. The project brought varied expertise on board, working together to achieve a common goal. Medical doctors were brought to help with research on the health of the astronauts who would land in space and the effect of contamination by heavenly bodies. The engineers were to design the rockets, there were scientists who would assist in the research. The project took long to finally achieve. 10 Apollos were tried before the eventual success in 1969, as Kennedy had pledged. The Americans had supported Kennedy in 1961 when he declared the start of the project, with Mercury. With the proper political will amongst a majority of Americans, funds were availed and the project began. It was not until 1969 when Armstrong and his counterparts walked on moon, almost a decade later. There were several attempts made all aimed at perfection before Apollo 11 finally made the epochal landing on the moon. This became the greatest part of history for historians in classifying the 20th century. Shortcomings of the Apollo program In spite of the numerous benefits of the Apollo project, shortcomings were plenty. From the death of experts, the nature of the project’s sophistication which called for enormous funds and the risks involved to need for large labor. There were tragedies during the whole process since its inauguration to the achievement of the set goals. There are astronauts who died during the test of the space craft. Fire broke out when they scientists were testing the suitability of using pure oxygen in the ship. All the occupants were killed by the raging inferno. According to Swanson (2012), in 1967, there was another accident where three astronauts died. The death of these astronauts just two years to the major flight was a real blow to the project. These catastrophes however, made the mission possible as it opened room for perfection of scientific knowledge required. The project required a huge chunk of funds which had been set aside for other development goals. Up to date, NASA spends billions of money in research and space exploration missions. These activities are very expensive and in as much as there was political goodwill at the inauguration of the project, there are still a sect of American citizens who believe that the whole idea is a hoax. The development of the technology used, the machines used are very expensive to build due to their sophistication. The United States is under on a low labor crisis era. Apollo program was an enormous program that required very many employees. According to Swanson (2012), over 400,000 engineers, technicians and scientists were brought on board. The magnitude of the project called for high labor, depriving other industries of the same. It was during this era that the benefits were not yet formulated. All that was motivating the mission was the spirit of adventure, which had nothing to do with challenges America was facing at that time. The significance of the project The United states was fighting for leadership in space projects, thus when USSR made their first launch, there called for a response to prove superiority. The US felt the need to be the super power country in the world in terms of technology, military and leadership. PresidentKennedy had the responsibility of maintaining the honor of America. In 1961 when he declared the mission within the decade, public funds were put to budget in bid to complete the mission as scheduled. The project has contributed greatly towards knowledge on the outer space. It has helped unveil some of the mysteries the world has had for ages. This makes the Apollo program highly monumental not only to the US government, but also the rest of the world as a whole. There have been queries about the presence of life in other places apart from earth, people have imagined whether other planets are just like the earth or whether they are unique, whether the earth is the only place with inhabitants amongst many other wonders. The project provided room for analysis of the moon, where samples of rocks were brought back to earth and are now under analysis by geologists and other scientists. Others are in various museums to preserve the historic event. There are already theories to explain for the absence of lunar substances on planet earth. The Apollo project’s success has spearheaded research and innovations all over. The mastery of the space workability and operations, has opened ways for development of more advanced machines. These machines are prescribed with extremely high precision. From the architectural and engineering knowledge that was in constant application during the Apollo program, there saw a rise of special sciences like robotic science. Robots work both within the earth and in other current space missions and have been developed to work with minimal maintenance (Hart and Michael 128). Other devices include electronic gadgets like mobile phones, televisions, high resolution cameras which can capture clear pictures in HD. The zooming property of cameras was an idea from the Apollo project. Medical field hasn’t been left out. For instance, the practice of telemedicine originated from the program (Garshnek, Victoria, Frederick and Burkle 27). While in space, the astronauts need advanced medical healthcare even in the absence of doctors. For the long journeys expected in the 21st century, NASA has invested in research of telemedicine which is in use even to the public. Those in remote locations can still access medical checkup. This medical approach towards cases of emergency employ telecommunication and information technology. This has become a routine occurrence especially by the US military and governmentagencies in their rescue missions to disaster-stricken regions. Research is still ongoing and this field is very promising. According to Garshnek (1999), telemedicine encompasses all the medical procedures over transmission modalities. Such an application of telemedicine was when the Virgin Islands of the United States were stuck by hurricane. The first teleradiology systems were applied to save the situation in 1990. Research on a reliable self-sustaining system for long missions has been of great importance (Lauseur et al., 10). The concept is based on regenerative design system. The crafts going for longer missions will require little support from ground operators, thereby prompting the need for self-reliance while in space. The system can be used to eliminate food shortages in the world. Currently, MELiSSA (Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative) has conducted research which is still on going on these systems. With such systems in place, the visions to eliminate food shortages can be easily achieved. It also saves on the research funds rather than conducting parallel research projects. Among other major benefits of the project is its contribution to education. The project allowed for the orbital of the moon by the space crafts which made it possible to send satellites afloat on space. These satellites collect millions of data every micro-second and is transmitted directly to the earth stations. The data is then processed into useful information. This data has been crucial in military operations, geographical and geospatial studies where topographical pictures are analyzed. Calamities such as earthquakes and hurricanes are easily analyzed as they occur. This allows for preparations for these catastrophic phenomenon, thereby minimizing casualties. Future explorations Although the activities The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been through political regulations, preparations are still on for a major mission. The most recent decision by the senate on the budget deducted about $300 million dollars from the project. NASA has set up strategies to plan for the next major tour in the space. There is research on various issues ongoing to make the exploration to other space bodies such as Mars safe. Conclusion The Apollo program, from a general perspective was a success and needs support. The struggle, determination and methodology used by the then scientist during that age is astounding. The project whose initial object was to restore the honor of the US, has proved to be extremely beneficial to the society. The technological advancements have been made possible and catalyzed by the project due to the great expertise which was required to make the exploration as safe as possible. However, the cost of maintaining NASA is very expensive. Funding the ISS for the past 20 years has prompted the decision to commercialize its activities. This was expected by 2024, however the research operations will not be over by then. The equipment too is aging and therefore cannot be extended beyond 2028. This creates the necessity for NASA to find means of safe deorbiting of the ISS. How to cite History of Space Exploration, Papers

Animal House Essay Example For Students

Animal House Essay Social commentary is sometimes found at the heart of good art, whether that art form is literature or popular music. The novel, Animal Farm by George Orwell, and the rock album, Animals written and performed by Pink Floyd share the same characteristic of scathing social commentary. The artworks also share an animal metaphor that serves to cast a dark light on human social interactions and stratification functions. Conversely, the artworks individually attack the diametrically opposed, socio-economic systems of communism (by Orwell) and capitalism (by Roger Waters). The artworks are individually astounding, but when viewed in tandem, alludes to the idea that socio-economic systems are still evolving and in time the terms capitalism and communism will be thought as ineffective as feudalism. The shared characteristics of social commentary and animal metaphor literally, are what make these particular artworks the amazing examples of their respective genres that they are. The animal metaphor tends to depict humans as being motivated by our animalistic desires, as well as the tendency among ourselves to be highly competitive and often, ruthless. In Animal Farm, Orwell puts the pigs as being the leaders, or the exploiters of the masses, depending on your point of view. Waters does the same in Animals, depicting the pigs as uncaring, self-involved, and overbearing masters of the masses. In both works, dogs are an enforcer-type, driven either by a sense of patriotism, honor, and pride, but also those misanthropes who relish in the power they have been given and enjoy abusing those weaker than themselves. The sheep are a shared characteristic of both works, depicting them as easily manipulated and led to the slaughter. The works diverge from one another in which philosophy they individually espouse. Orwell? s novel is an obvious attack against communism. The pig characters of the novel represent the political figures of the early days of the Soviet Union. Orwell goes on to depict the system of the so-called ? class-less? society as an incredible failure, while time would ultimately prove his early analysis as being correct. Any large-scale, highly organized society in all of human history has required social stratification, and Russia of the early twentieth century would prove to be no different. As with any society, those with power have been and still are tempted to abuse that power for their own individual ends, often at the expense of those that have granted them their power. Capitalism is not immune from this inherent flaw in social stratification either. Roger Waters, who wrote most of the music and all of the lyrics of Animals, viciously attacks capitalism and the illusion of equality. Within our own country, there are numerous occasions on which those with vast amounts of wealth and/or influence are given special treatment. Celebrities, athletes, and business magnates are among a few that are capable of getting a slap on the wrist, or complete immunity for actions that would land a ? nobody? in the nearest federal penitentiary faster than one could blink an eye. By and large, ours is not a society that practices equality, all the while saying that it does. Ours system is on level ground with communism for providing equality, especially when one views the international exploitation of resources and people by multi-national mega-conglomerates, the very embodiment of capitalism on a global scale. This is the ugly side of our system, and this is the full view that comes into focus when one experiences these artworks side by side, a stereoscopic view of the current, prominent socio-economic systems of this century. Neither provides for true equality, and they both exploit their masses, with essentially the same techniques of propaganda. It seems that capitalism won the twentieth century, but one never knows which way the masses will change over time. This is the scathing social commentary that is sometimes found at the foundation of good art, that will stir in some the consideration of the systems and powers of the day, and of the past.

Muslim Conquest of Arakan for a Review - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMuslim Conquest of Arakan for a Review. Answer: A History of Arakan (Past Present) is an excellent book which explores the history and the present status associated with the Arakans. The book was first published in 1994. The third chapter of this book titled as Chapter III - Muslim conquest of Arakan descriptively and appropriately discusses how that after the Arakanese king Narameikhla was thrown out of his thrown and had to flee to Bengal, how the Muslim sultans of Bengal helped the Arkanese king in conquering the province once again and how, the friendship between these two powers continued for a long time. This paper attempts to critically review this particular chapter. The author has depicted the early introduction of the Arakanese king Narameikhla to Bengal as he lost the thrown. The king was welcome by the Bengal sultan of that time. As the Arakanese king converted to Islam, he became came religiously and culturally closer to the sultan who himself was a Muslim (Yunus, 1994). Later when Jalauddin Mohammad Shah became the sultan of Bengal, he sent forces to the Arakan in order to help the Arakanese king regain the thrown. The author elaborately describes the reason why the Bengal king decided to help the Arakan king and how he eventually helped the king to restore his kingdom. The author has also presented a chronological list of 11 Arakanese rulers who reigned till 1530 (Yunus, 1994). After that, the author has gone on to show how the relationship between these two powers constantly improved and developed under the rules of 6 Muslim kings. The author has presented how the Moghul and Portuguese forces attempted to conquer the Arakanese provinces b ut the support from Bengal had always helped the Arakan kingdom from being usurped by external forces (Yunus, 1994). The author has attempted to establish that the relationship between the Bengal sultans and the Arakanese kingdom was extremely cordial. Since the time when Narameikhla took refuge under the rule of Giyathuddin Azam Shah and converted to Islam, the Bengal sultans developed a friendly connection with the Arakans (Kaladan News, 2012). It is extraordinary to observe that the suddenly built up connection was so friendly that the Bengal rulers even helped the deposed king to regain the power (Leider and Htin, 2015). In this context, it was significant to note that the developed relation between these two powers was indeed the result of the fact that these entities became both religiously and culturally connected after the conversion of Narameikhla to Islam (Lammerts and Griffiths, 2015). It was only after that event when the sultans of Bengal really started to helpthe Arakans. The author has also denounced the claim that the connection between the Arakans and the Bengal sultans deteriorate d after a certain time. He has suggested that there is no historically concrete evidence which can confirm if the Bengal rulers indeed attempted to control certain regions of the Arakan territory (Yunus, 1994). Moreover, the author has presented verifiable proof suggesting that the Bengal sultans always supported and provided aid to the Arakans in order to resist the attacks from Moghuls, Portuguese, and Dutch forces (Yunus, 1994). The author has credibly and verifiably presented the chronological events and rules. It has been found out that several other verifiable documents also speak about the cordially developed relationship among the Arakans and the Bengal rulers. Moreover, sources also suggest that there was no evidence of any deterioration of the relationship amongst these two entities. The selection and use of a number of verifiable, credible, and reliable sources enhance the credibility of the author (ARNO, 2011; (Chan, 2005)). The sources are peer-reviewed journal articles or books written by experts on Arakanese history. It has been suggested that the utilization of peer-reviewed articles and verifiably credible books also establish the credibility of a written work. In this manner both the utilized sources and the author's arguments are valid and credible. A critical review of the chapter suggests that the author has ensured thorough objectivity throughout the work. The focus of the author was completely on comprehensively describing how the Bengal sultans helped the Arakans in resettling their kingdom and how their relationship developed through the years. The author has also presented some claims suggesting a downfall of the relationship between those two entities and then, he presented some valid arguments along with verifiable proof which suggest that those claims are invalid. In this manner, the author thoroughly maintained impartiality and objectivity in discussing the topic. The strength of the work is the detailed presentation of the major events which helped in establishing and developing a cordial connection amongst the Bengal sultans and the Arakanese rulers. The author has comprehensively presented a chronological discussion of the eras ruled by different kings. Although there is not any potential weakness of this work, the only shortcoming is that the author has presented a limited range of critical discussion regarding the impact of the events detailed in the chapter. However, this chapter and the book itself is very useful in understanding how the Muslims had eventually conquered the Arakans province. References ARNO (2011).Muslim influence in the kingdom of Arakan. [online] Rohingya.org. Available at: https://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/scholars/65-nurul-islam-uk/293-muslim- influence-in-the-kingdom-of-arakan.html [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Chan, A. (2005). The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar.SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, 3(2), pp.396-420. Lammerts, C. and Griffiths, A. (2015). Connected and Local Histories of Arakan: New Textual and Epigraphic Studies: Introduction.Journal of Burma Studies, 19(2), pp.259-266. Leider, J. and Htin, K. (2015). King Man Co Mvans Exile in Bengal: Legend, History and C ontext.Journal of Burma Studies, 19(2), pp.371-405. Kaladan News (2012).A Brief History of Arakan : From Kingdom to a Colony - Kaladan Press Network. [online] Kaladanpress.org. Available at: https://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/report/35-rohingya/3526-a-brief-history-of- arakan-from-kingdom-to-a-colony.html [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Yunus, M. (1994). Chapter III - Muslim conquest of Arakan. In:A History of Arakan (Past Present). Chittagong: University of Chittagong, pp.21-32.